| CVE |
Vendors |
Products |
Updated |
CVSS v3.1 |
| Post-authentication Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection') vulnerability has been identified in the SonicWall Network Security Manager (NSM) on-prem which in specific conditions could potentially enable a remote authenticated attacker to execute arbitrary OS commands, resulting in remote code execution. |
| In Eclipse Ditto versions 3.6.0 to 3.8.13 and 3.9.0 to 3.9.7, the Ditto Explorer UI loads its complete environment configuration, including the Ditto API URI and the OpenID Connect (OIDC) provider settings, from an arbitrary
cross-origin URL supplied in the environmentsURL query parameter. It adopts this configuration without user confirmation and persists it in the browser's localStorage. A crafted link can therefore set an attacker-controlled OIDC
authority with autoSso enabled. The UI then automatically starts a login at the genuine identity provider but exchanges the returned authorization code together with its PKCE code_verifier at an attacker-controlled token
endpoint. This lets the attacker redeem the code for the victim's access and refresh tokens. Alternatively, an attacker-controlled api_uri causes the UI to send the victim's bearer token or Basic credentials to the attacker. Because
the configuration is persisted, later visits to the UI without the crafted link repeat the token theft. In versions 3.9.0 to 3.9.7, the Swagger UI OIDC integration of the Helm chart and the Docker Compose deployment is affected in
the same way, but requires the user to start the login. The issue is fixed in 3.8.14 and 3.9.8. |
| A flaw was found in OpenSSH. After compression is negotiated, a compressed payload can expand past the maximum supported packet size because the inflate loop does not stop at that limit. Memory use grows in the process handling that connection. |
| FreeRDP from 3.0.0-beta1 before 3.32.0 fails to enforce cumulative or absolute size limits when reassembling RDPDR channel fragments in the proxy. Attackers can send a FIRST fragment followed by continuation fragments without LAST, growing per-session heap streams proportional to traffic and exhausting proxy memory. |
| FreeRDP shadow server from 3.0.0 before 3.32.0 dispatches input PDUs during the Confirm Active state before authentication, allowing unauthenticated attackers to inject keyboard input. Attackers can negotiate TLS-only RDP and send an input PDU without Confirm Active to inject synthetic keystrokes into the host user's X11 session via XTEST. |
| Nodemailer from 3.0.0 before 10.0.10 contains a denial of service vulnerability in MessageParser.parseHeaders that allows users to exhaust CPU through quadratic header unfolding. Attackers can supply large recipient lists or long headers that fold into tens of thousands of continuation lines, blocking the Node.js event loop during DKIM signing. |
| ### Summary
`qs.stringify` with `arrayFormat: 'comma'` throws `TypeError: Cannot convert object to primitive value` when an array element cannot be coerced to a string, such as an object with an own non-callable `toString` (`{ "toString": "x" }`) or a null-prototype object. The comma format joins array elements with `Array.prototype.join` and, under `encodeValuesOnly`, first passes each element through `String()` in `utils.encode`; neither guards against an element whose string coercion fails.
### Details
In `lib/stringify.js`, the comma branch collapses the array with `obj.join(',')`. For an element whose own `toString` is not callable, `ToPrimitive` skips it, falls through to `Object.prototype.valueOf` (which returns the object itself), and throws. Under `encodeValuesOnly: true`, the same element first reaches `String(str)` in `utils.encode` (`lib/utils.js`) and throws there. Nested arrays (`{ "a": [[{ "toString": "x" }]] }`) throw the same way, through `Array.prototype.toString`. The `indices`, `brackets`, and `repeat` formats walk into object elements instead of coercing them, and are not affected.
Such elements can come from untrusted input. `JSON.parse` produces `{ "a": [{ "toString": "x" }] }` with no qs option involved. `qs.parse("a[0][toString]=x", { allowPrototypes: true })` keeps the `toString` key, and `qs.parse("a[][b]=c", { plainObjects: true })` produces a null-prototype element; the default parse options drop `toString` and produce ordinary objects, which do not throw. Express 4's default `query parser`, Express 5's `extended` query parser, and body-parser's `urlencoded({ extended: true })` all call `qs.parse` with `allowPrototypes: true`.
#### PoC
```js
var qs = require("qs");
qs.stringify(JSON.parse("{\"a\":[{\"toString\":\"x\"}]}"), { arrayFormat: "comma" });
qs.stringify(qs.parse("a[0][toString]=x", { allowPrototypes: true }), { arrayFormat: "comma" });
qs.stringify(qs.parse("a[][b]=c", { plainObjects: true }), { arrayFormat: "comma", encodeValuesOnly: true });
// TypeError: Cannot convert object to primitive value
```
#### Fix
Applied in a952e75 on `main` and released as v6.16.1: an element whose string coercion would fail is coerced to its primitive `valueOf`, if any, or else to `Object.prototype.toString`, so it renders as `[object Object]`, the same as any other object element already does under the comma format. Nested arrays are walked the way `join` walks them. Every input that did not previously throw serializes exactly as before, and a `toString` or `valueOf` that itself throws still propagates.
### Affected versions
`>=6.7.0 <6.16.1`, fixed in v6.16.1.
The `join` path was introduced with the comma format in b84acba and first shipped in v6.7.0; v6.6.x and earlier ignore `arrayFormat: 'comma'` and are not affected. The `encodeValuesOnly` `String()` site was introduced in 4c4b23d (v6.11.1); before that, the same input throws at `join`. Every release from v6.7.0 through v6.16.0 is affected.
### Impact
An unauthenticated request can make any code path that re-serializes attacker-influenced data with `qs.stringify` and `arrayFormat: 'comma'` (for example, rebuilding a query string from `req.query` for a redirect or an upstream request, or serializing a parsed JSON body) throw synchronously. In a typical Node.js HTTP framework the throw is caught by the framework error boundary and the affected request returns a 500; the process survives and other requests are unaffected. Where the call runs outside an error boundary, such as an `async` Express 4 handler (where the throw becomes an unhandled promise rejection) or a bare `http` request handler, the process exits, so the impact in that case depends on the application error handling rather than on qs. The default `arrayFormat` (`indices`) is not affected. |
| FreeRDP before 3.32.0 fails to close prior serial handles in serial_process_irp_create, allowing a malicious RDP server to exhaust file descriptors. Attackers can send repeated serial IRP_MJ_CREATE requests to accumulate descriptors and terminate the client at the CommReadFile FD_SETSIZE assertion. |
| FreeRDP versions 3.13.0 before 3.32.0 contain a resource retention flaw in drive_process_irp_create, which registers an opened local file in the drive dictionary before applying the allocation size and does not remove it when that operation fails. A malicious RDP server connected to a client with drive redirection enabled can send IRP_MJ_CREATE with AllocationSize set to UINT64_MAX, forcing the seek to fail and leaking the file object and operating-system handle until drive teardown. |
| FreeRDP 3.0.0 before 3.32.0 allows HTTP header injection in its proxy because a lone LF in the target portion of a routing token (Cookie: msts=) is not rejected and is written by http_proxy_connect into the CONNECT request line and Host header. A remote unauthenticated RDP client connecting to a proxy using FixedTarget=false and an upstream HTTP proxy can alter HTTP request/header framing at that upstream proxy. |
| Netgate pfSense FRR package (pfSense-pkg-frr) 2.0.2_1 and source revision 2.1.2_1 contain an OS command injection vulnerability in the FRR status filter. An authenticated WebGUI user with only the page-status-frr privilege can supply a filter value that breaks out of a single-quoted sed expression into which escapeshellarg() output is concatenated. Shell command substitution is then evaluated by a popen() pipeline, allowing attacker-selected commands to execute as root. There are updated FRR packages for pfSense Plus 26.07/26.03.1 and CE 2.9.0/2.8.1. |
| A flaw was found in OpenSSH. During an sftp copy, a malicious server can supply an empty name, a slash-only path, or a ".." basename that sftp uses as the local destination, writing outside the directory the user selected. |
| FreeRDP from 3.0.0 before 3.32.0 contains an infinite loop vulnerability in http_response_recv() that allows malicious gateways to exhaust client CPU via crafted Content-Type headers. Attackers controlling a gateway can return a nonzero Content-Length with a semicolon-containing unrecognized Content-Type, pinning a client thread at full CPU indefinitely. |
| GitPython before 3.2.0 contains an information disclosure vulnerability that allows malicious repositories to expand environment variables via separate_git_dir in Repo._clone(), which omits expand_vars=False when calling Git.polish_url(). Attackers can craft a .gitmodules submodule name containing variable syntax so that clone plus submodule_update exposes secrets in .git/modules directory names and DEBUG logs. |
| GitPython before 3.2.0 contains a regular expression denial of service vulnerability in the _re_actor_epoch pattern used by parse_actor_and_date on author, committer, and tagger lines. Attackers can serve repositories with commit or tag objects containing long space-filled lines lacking a valid epoch or timezone, causing quadratic backtracking and CPU exhaustion. |
| GitPython from 3.1.62 before 3.2.0 contains a symlink-following flaw in Submodule.move(), which checks the destination only lexically and does not reject symbolic links in intermediate path components. An untrusted repository can commit a symlink such as vendor pointing outside the worktree, so an application moving an initialized submodule beneath it relocates the checkout externally and corrupts the index and .gitmodules. |
| Nodemailer from 3.0.0 before 10.0.13 contains an improper input validation vulnerability in its address parser that fails to strip RFC 5322 comments inside angle-bracket addresses. Attackers can supply recipients like a display name with a parenthesized comment in the domain, so illegal characters reach envelope.to and RCPT TO, causing rejected delivery or parser interpretation conflicts that bypass domain allow-lists. |
| In Znuny through 7.3.6, an attacker can bypass specific standard login procedures and gain unauthorized access to sensitive system functions by manipulating a specific HTTP request header. Because the application incorrectly trusts this header, an attacker can impersonate any user, including administrators, without requiring a password. This grants full access to confidential data and system controls. More specifically, the HTTPBasicAuth modules for the agent (Kernel::System::Auth::HTTPBasicAuth) and customer (Kernel::System::CustomerAuth::HTTPBasicAuth) interfaces read the username to log in not only from $ENV{REMOTE_USER} (set by the web server after successful authentication), but also, as a fallback, from $ENV{HTTP_REMOTE_USER}, which is populated directly from an attacker-controllable "Remote-User" request header. On systems where HTTPBasicAuth was configured as the authentication backend, this allowed an attacker to log in as any existing user by sending a request with a forged Remote-User header, without providing any credentials. |
| The Tutor LMS WordPress plugin before 4.1.1 does not perform a capability check in a routine that regenerates its managed pages, allowing unauthenticated users to force-publish unpublished pages and overwrite their content, create missing ones, and change the options that reference them. |
| Backdrop CMS Core 1.35.x before 1.35.2 and 1.34.x before 1.34.6 mishandles tokens. A token is a small placeholder string (like [node:title] or [user:name]) used to automatically insert dynamic data into text. A browser is provided for selecting tokens by type. The product doesn't sufficiently limit access to the types of tokens that are available in the token browser. The names of the individual tokens are adequately protected. |
